Often men left to work, leaving women with the family in the home country
This gave women more power in terms of family life
Women also made to take on more duties traditionally expected of men
Example of effect of gender role
Effects of Migration on Receiving Societies
Often migrants don’t want to abandon their culture and traditions
Ethnic enclave are clusters of people from the same country or culture
Sometimes these ethnic enclaves would impact the overall culture of the receiving country
Chinese Enclaves
In Southeast Asia, Chinese migrants thrived
French Indochina encouraged Chinese migrants to engage in commerce
Also even held government positions
Many setup opium farms
In the Americas, many came during the California Gold Rush but also became crucial to the development of railroads
Many also moved to Peru and Cuba to work as indentured servants on sugar plantations
Also worked on railroads and mined guano
Some Peruvian cuisine is a fusion of Chinese foods and ingredients
Ex: Lomo Saltado
Some also intermarried with Peruvians, increasing ethnic diversity
Indian Enclaves
Many signed up for Britain’s system of indentured servitude and as such they were sent all over the world
In Africa, many went to Mauritius where they worked on sugar plantations
Brought Hinduism
Many also migrated to Southeast Asia
In the kangani system, entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations
Gave much more freedom compared to the men who signed up for indentured servitude
Irish Enclaves in North America
Mostly settled in urban areas and took low-wage factory work
Tended to live in low cost housing called tenements
Catholicism also spread in US
St. Patricks Day
Example of effect of Irish migrations to US
US still celebrates St. Patricks Day, a holiday brought over by the Irish
Italians in Argentina
The 1853 Argentine Constitution not only encouraged European immigration, but it also guaranteed to foreigners the same civil rights enjoyed by Argentine citizens
Embraced migrations
Even today, 55% of Argentina comes from Italian descent
Italians have had an enormous influence on all aspects of Argentine culture and language
Argentine Spanish has a lot of words borrowed from Italian
Responses to Migrations
With Argentina being a major exception, most countries didn’t like migrants coming in
Main resentment came from the fact that migrant workers were willing to work for lower wages than the native population
US’ Chinese Exclusion Act banned immigration of Chinese people
Australia also passed similar laws called the White Australia Policy